Table 1 Imaging techniques applicable for 3D printing of heart models
Imaging Modality | Imaging Techniques |
|---|---|
Computed tomography (CT) | ● ECG-gated breath-held contrast-enhanced angiography ● Non-ECG-gated contrast-enhanced angiography |
Magnetic resonance (MR) | ● Non-contrast 3D SSFP (steady state free precession) imaging ● Non-ECG-gated 3D FLASH (fast low angle shot) angiography using gadolinium-based extracellular contrast agent ● ECG-gated respiration-navigated 3D IR (inversion recovery) FLASH angiography using gadolinium-based blood pool contrast agent (Gadofoveset: ABLAVAR®, Lantheus Medical Imaging, Inc. MA, USA) ● ECG-gated respiration-navigated 4D MUSIC (multiphase steady-state imaging with contrast enhancement) using ultra-small supermagnetic iron oxide (USPIO: Ferumoxyol, AMAG Pharmaceuticals, Lexington, MA, USA) |
Ultrasound | ● 3D grey-scale echocardiography ● 3D color or power Doppler echocardiography |
X-ray angiography | ● Rotational CT angiography |