Table 1 Physical measurements of cadaveric hearts and 3D printed models
From: Methods for verification of 3D printed anatomic model accuracy using cardiac models as an example
Cardiac Valve | Feature | Model # | 3D model measurement/ cadaveric model measurement in mm (% difference) | ± Standard Deviation across 4 observers | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Observer 1 | Observer 2 | Observer 3 | Observer 4 | 3D Model (mm) | Cadaveric heart (mm) | % Difference | |||
Aortic | STJ perimeter | 1 | 105.0/104.0 (101.0) | 106.0/103.0 (102.9) | 106.0/101.0 (105.0) | 97.0/106.0 (92.0) | 4.4 | 2.1 | 5.7 |
Aortic | STJ perimeter | 2 | 103.0/98.0 (105.1) | 105.0/100.0 (105) | 87.0/89.0 (97.8) | 107.0/97.0 (110.3) | 9.2 | 4.8 | 5.1 |
Aortic | STJ perimeter | 3 | 101.0/106.0 (95.3) | 103.0/102.0 (101.0) | 100.0/103.0 (97.1) | 106.0/111.0 (95.5) | 2.6 | 4.0 | 2.6 |
Aortic | Max Diameter | 1 | 34.4/32.8 (104.9) | 34.6/34.5 (100.3) | 35.1/34.1 (102.9) | 32.1/33.2 (96.7) | 1.3 | 0.8 | 3.6 |
Aortic | Max Diameter | 2 | 33.3/32.5 (102.5) | 34.5/32.4 (106.5) | 29.6/28.1 (105.3) | 34.4/34.4 (100.0) | 2.3 | 2.7 | 2.9 |
Aortic | Max Diameter | 3 | 32.5/31.1 (104.5) | 32.3/31.0 (104.2) | 29.9/32.7 (91.4) | 35.3/35.6 (99.0) | 2.2 | 2.2 | 6.1 |
Aortic | Min diameter | 1 | 29.6/29.7 (99.6) | 30.6/29.9 (102.3) | 29.4/31.0 (94.8) | 27.3/29.2 (93.7) | 1.4 | 0.8 | 4.1 |
Aortic | Min diameter | 2 | 27.6/25.6 (107.8) | 27.6/26.4 (104.5) | 23.9/23.4 (102.1) | 27.4/27.4 (100.0) | 1.8 | 1.7 | 3.4 |
Aortic | Min diameter | 3 | 28.0/27.8 (100.7) | 28.1/28.4 (98.9) | 31.8/26.6 (119.5) | 29.6/30.2 (98.1) | 1.8 | 1.5 | 10.2 |
Mitral | Annulus perimeter | 4 | 120.0/125.0 (96.0) | 116.0/127.0 (91.3) | 121.0/130.0 (93.1) | 124.0/126.0 (98.4) | 3.3 | 2.2 | 3.1 |
Mitral | Annulus perimeter | 5 | 122.0/125.0 (97.6) | 112.0/119.0 (94.1) | 110.0/110.0 (100.0) | 101.0/121.0 (83.5) | 8.6 | 6.3 | 7.3 |
Mitral | Max Diameter | 4 | 43.5/45.2 (96.2) | 43.5/43.2 (100.7) | 43.3/45.3 (95.6) | 37.9/37.9 (100.0) | 2.8 | 3.5 | 2.6 |
Mitral | Max Diameter | 5 | 40.2/43.6 (92.2) | 40.0/40.9 (97.8) | 47.5/45.3 (104.9) | 40.4/35.3 (114.7) | 3.6 | 4.4 | 9.7 |
Mitral | Min diameter | 4 | 26.5/28.3 (93.6) | 25.1/24.9 (100.8) | 25.3/27.5 (92.0) | 27.3/27.3 (100) | 1.0 | 1.5 | 4.4 |
Mitral | Min diameter | 5 | 23.9/24.5 (97.6) | 24.0/28.3 (84.8) | 25.6/30.3 (84.5) | 23.0/29.5 (77.9) | 1.1 | 2.6 | 8.2 |