Fig. 11
From: Design and 3D printing of variant pediatric heart models for training based on a single patient scan
Integration of a constructed 3D model of the aortic valve (AV) into a pulsatile left heart model with CoA. a To create a pulsatile training setup for CoA balloon dilatation, design changes were applied to a left heart model. The CoA was created and enforced, an engineered AV was implemented, and vessel endings were closed or adapted (descending aorta, inferior right pulmonary vein) for connection to a closed circulation system with pulsatile flow. b The water-filled, beating 3D heart model allows advanced catheter training including angiographic imaging with contrast agent (left ventricle (LV))