Fig. 4

Summary of accuracy measurement techniques for validating the fabrication of 3D printed anatomical models. Linear measurements of anatomical features may be taken from a 3D scan of the 3D printed model or the physical model itself (blue) [42, 46, 52, 53], whilst optical or laser surface scanning allows 2D surface comparisons between anatomical features in the original scan data, STL file and physical model (green) [9, 42, 54, 55]. Finally, a ‘residual volume’ metric is proposed for 3D quantification of model accuracy (pink) [56]