Skip to main content

Table 1 Appropriateness Ratings for Neurosurgical and Otolaryngologic Conditions

From: Clinical situations for which 3D printing is considered an appropriate representation or extension of data contained in a medical imaging examination: neurosurgical and otolaryngologic conditions

Clinical Condition

Rating

References

Skull Base: Anterior

  

Olfactory Groove Meningioma: Simple

3

[7,8,9,10]

Olfactory Groove Meningioma: Complex

9

[7,8,9]

Tuberculum Sella / Planum Sphenoidale Meningioma: Simple (Class I)

3

[7,8,9,10,11,12]

Tuberculum Sella / Planum Sphenoidale Meningioma: Complex (Class II-III)

7

[7,8,9,10,11,12]

Esthesioneuroblastoma: Kadish Group A-B

3

 

Esthesioneuroblastoma: Kadish Group C

8

 

Sinonasal tumors: Simple

3

[13, 14]

Sinonasal tumors: Complex

8

[13, 14]

Juvenile Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma (JNA) invading the skull base (stage III)

5

 

Frontal Sinus Infection invading skull base

2

[13, 14]

Frontal /Ethmoid Sinus Mucocele with Intracranial Extension

5

[14, 15]

Skull Base: Middle

  

Pituitary Macroadenoma: Simple (Knosp 1–2 or Hardy 0–3 A-C)

2

[9, 16,17,18,19,20,21]

Pituitary Macroadenoma: Complex (Knosp 3–4 or Hardy 4, D-E)

9

[9, 16,17,18,19,20,21]

Pituitary Carcinoma

6

[19,20,21]

Craniopharyngioma: Adamantinomatous

8

[8, 9, 22, 23]

Craniopharyngioma: Papillary

7

[8, 9, 22, 23]

Anterior Clinoid Meningiomas: Simple (Al-Mefty Type II, type A)

1

[11]

Anterior Clinoid Meningiomas: Complex (Al-Mefty Type I, type B,C)

6

[9, 11]

Optic Nerve Sheath meningioma: Simple

2

 

Optic Nerve Sheath meningioma: Complex (Al-Mefty III)

6

 

Sphenoid Wing Meningiomas: Simple or Group 1, No Cavernous Sinus involvement

3

[8, 10, 24,25,26]

Sphenoid Wing Meningiomas: Complex or Group II, Cavernous Sinus involvement

8

[8,9,10, 24,25,26,27,28]

Nasopharyngeal Tumor: TNM designation T3 or T4

5

 

Skull Base: Posterior

  

Cerebellopontine Angle: Vestibular Schwannoma: Simple (Koos Grade I and II)

1

 

Cerebellopontine Angle: Vestibular Schwannoma: Complex (Koos Grade III -IV)

9

[29]

Cerebellopontine angle tumors, not otherwise specified

6

[10, 30]

Petroclival Meningioma:

7

[31, 32]

Chordoma

5

 

Chondrosarcoma

7

[33]

Foramen Magnum Meningioma: Simple

2

[10]

Foramen Magnum Meningioma: complex

7

[10]

Chiari I Malformation

3

[34]

Skull Base: Can occur anywhere

  

Metastasis: Simple

2

 

Metastasis: Complex

5

 

Solitary Fibrous Tumor (hemangiopericytoma)

6

 

Myeloma: Simple

2

 

Myeloma/Plasmacytoma: Complex

7

 

Perineural Tumor Spread Intracranially

1

 

Lymphoma: Simple

1

 

Lymphoma: Complex

4

 

Fibrous Dysplasia

8

 

Hemangioma: Simple

1

 

Hemangioma: Complex

7

 

Ameloblastoma

7

[35]

Schwannoma

6

[12, 36]

Encephalocele

6

 

Meningioma: NOS Simple

3

[10, 37, 38]

Meningioma: NOS Complex

8

[10, 37, 38]

Skull Base: Congenital or Acquired deformity

  

Basilar Invagination, Platybasia, Craniocervical or Craniovertebral anomalies

8

[39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46]

Skull Base: Temporal Bone

  

Inflammatory: Cholesteatoma/Cholesterol Granuloma

6

[33, 47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54]

Infection

1

[48]

Neoplasm: Primary Temporal Bone

5

[48, 52, 53, 55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72]

Dehiscence Semicircular canal

5

[64, 73, 74]

CSF Leak

5

[75,76,77,78,79]

Cochlear Implant Placement

3

[80,81,82,83]

Osteoconductive Implant Placement

7

[64, 80, 81, 84,85,86,87,88,89,90]

Brain Tumors

  

Intra-axial Glial Neoplasms

3

[91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103]

Intra-axial Non-Glial Neoplasms

3

 

Intraventricular Tumors

1

 

Brain Stem Neoplasms

3

 

Tumor of the Pineal Region

3

 

Extra-axial Neoplasms (not elsewhere specified)

2

 

Meningiomas not related to Skull Base: Simple

2

 

Meningiomas not related to Skull Base: Complex

7

 

CNS Lymphoma

2

 

Lesions affected the cranial nerves (not elsewhere specified)

5

[17, 32, 104]

Craniosynostosis

  

Simple Single Suture: Open Repair

7

[105,106,107,108,109,110]

Simple Single Suture: Endoscopic repair

7

[105,106,107,108,109,110]

Complex Multiple Suture: Open repair

8

[105,106,107,108,109,110, 26]

Complex Syndromic

8

 

Metopic bandeau

8

 

Cerebrovascular Disease

  

Cerebral Aneurysms

7

[111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145]

Cerebral venous and Dural venous sinus disease

6

[146, 147]

Arteriovenous malformations

7

[148,149,150,151,152,153]

Vascular simulation (hemodynamics and interventions)

9

[121, 141, 144, 151, 154,155,156,157]

Vessel injury

2

[158]

Atherosclerotic disease

2

[159]

Ischemic and hemorrhagic brain injury

2

[160, 161]

Back to article page

3D Printing in Medicine

ISSN: 2365-6271

Contact us