Quality assurance of 3D-printed patient specific anatomical models: a systematic review

3D Printing in Medicine

Table 1 In- and exclusion criteria for title screening

Inclusion	Example	Exclusion	Example
Criteria	Example	Criteria	Example
quality assessment of medical models	[19]	clinical studies	[20]
tolerances of additive manufactured objects for clinical use	[21]	no medical context	[22]
additive manufactured models in medicine	[23]	evaluation of material properties	[24]
improving accuracy of 3D-printing	[25]	usage of printed models for surgery simulation instead of cadavers	[26]
review 3D-printing in medicine	[27]	mechanical properties of parts produced with metal powder bed fusion	[28]
quality assessment of segmentation	[29]	effect on patient education	[30]
comparison of different printing processes	[31]	assessment of using 3D-printing for education of professionals	[8]
quality assessment of printing process	[32]	assessment of surgery results	[33]
review and validation	[14]	using 3D-printed models as phantoms for radiology, nuclear medicine or radio therapy	[34]
		using 3D-printing for mechanical analyses	[35]
		accuracy assessment of surgical guides	[36]
		general opportunities of 3D-printing in medicine	[37]
		planning and simulation of surgeries using 3D-printing	[38]
		analysis and prediction of printing quality from the perspective of engineers	[39]
		functional models	[40]
		analysis of energy consumption or cost	[41]
		biomedical implants	[42]
		only review	[43]
		general improvements of printing process from the perspective of engineers	[44]
		models that simulate haptic reality	[45]
		assessment of color	[46]
		review of 3D-printing for surgical teaching	[47]

Of the remaining 267 reports 12 were not retrieved (three because full texts were not accessible and nine because language was not English or German). Out of the remaining 255 reports, 116 were excluded after full text screening due to exclusion criteria as shown in Table 2. 139 Studies were included in this review (Fig. 3)

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